Similarly, early studies on collegiate athletes and students have documented that cardiovascular fitness, muscle endurance, and speed are enhanced following exposure to ultraviolet radiation, although other authors failed to document such associations. A recent study on adolescent girls reported a positive association between serum vitamin D levels and jump height, jump velocity, and power. Nevertheless, similar findings have been reported in younger individuals. It should be noted that the majority of the above mentioned studies have been performed in the elderly. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation boosts muscular strength and restores balance. Vitamin D deficiency predominantly affects the weight-bearing antigravity muscles of the lower limbs which are necessary for walking and postural balance. More specifically, it has been shown that vitamin D levels correlate with grip and quadriceps strength, physical fitness, and a decline of falls and bone fractures. Apart from its effect on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism vitamin D exerts a host of other physiological effects on neural and muscular tissues, the immune system, and energy homeostasis, thus affecting among other parameters physical performance. Vitamin D is primarily synthesized endogenously following cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet B radiation (UVB).
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